M113 armored personnel carrier
| M113 Armored Personnel Carrier | |
|---|---|
 United States Army M113A3 participating in Operation Iraqi Freedom |
|
| Type | Armored personnel carrier |
| Place of origin |  United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1960–present |
| Used by | See Operators |
| Wars | Vietnam War, Yom Kippur War (Israel), Operation Just Cause (Panama), Iran-Iraq war (Iran), Operation Desert Storm (Iraq), Kosovo War, Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan), Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq) |
| Production history | |
| Number built | ~80,000 (all variants)[1] |
| Variants | Numerous, see text |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 12.3 tonnes (13.6 ST; 12.1 LT) |
| Length | 4.863 metres (15 ft 11.5 in) |
| Width | 2.686 metres (8 ft 9.7 in) |
| Height | 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) |
| Crew | 2 |
| Passengers | 11 passengers |
|
|
|
| Armor | aluminum 12–38 millimetres (0.47–1.5 in) |
| Primary armament |
M2 Browning machine gun |
| Secondary armament |
varies (see text) |
| Engine | Detroit Diesel 6V53T, 6-cylinder diesel engine 275 hp (205 kW) |
| Power/weight | 22.36 hp/tonne |
| Suspension | torsion bar, 5 road wheels |
| Operational range |
~480 km (~300 miles) |
| Speed | 67.6 km/h (42.0 mph), 5.8 km/h (3.6 mph) swimming |
The M113 is a fully tracked armored personnel carrier that has formed the backbone of the U.S. Army's mechanized infantry units from the time of its first fielding in Vietnam in April 1962.[2] The M113 was the most widely used armored vehicle of the U.S. Army in the Vietnam War, earning the nickname 'Green Dragon' by some people, but largely known as an APC and ACAV (armored cavalry assault vehicle) by the allied forces,[3] as it was used to break through heavy thickets in the midst of the jungle to attack and overrun enemy positions.
The M113 introduced new aluminum armor that made the vehicle much lighter than earlier vehicles. Thick enough to protect the crew and passengers against small arms fire but light enough that the vehicle was air transportable and moderately amphibious. In the United States Army the M113 series have long been replaced as front-line combat vehicles by the M2 and M3 Bradley but large numbers are still used in support roles such as armored ambulance, mortar carrier, engineer vehicle, command vehicle, etc. The Army's Heavy Brigade Combat Teams are currently equipped with around 6,000 M113s and 4,000 Bradleys. The M113's versatility spawned a wide variety of adaptations that live on worldwide, and in U.S. service. These variants together represent about half of U.S. Army armored vehicles today. To date, it is estimated that over 80,000 M113s of all types have been produced and used by over 50 countries worldwide, making it one of the most widely used armored fighting vehicles of all time.[4] The Military Channel's "Top Ten" series named the M113 the most significant infantry fighting vehicle in history.[5] The U.S. Army plans to retire the M113 family of vehicles by 2018.
Contents |
History
Development
Origins
The M113 was developed by Food Machinery Corp. (FMC), which had produced the earlier M59 and M75 Armored Personnel Carriers. The M113 bore a very strong resemblance to both of these earlier vehicles. The M75 was too heavy and expensive to be useful; its weight prevented amphibious capability, and being transported by air. The lightened M59 addressed both of these problems, but ended up with too little armor, and was unreliable as a result of efforts to reduce its cost.
The Army was looking for a vehicle that combined the best features of both designs, the "Airborne Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle Family" (AAM-PVF).[6] of all-purpose, all-terrain armored fighting vehicles FMC had been working with Kaiser Aluminium and Chemical Co. in the late 1950s to develop a suitable aluminum armor. Use of this armor could produce a vehicle that provided the protection of the M75, and the light weight and mobility of the M59.
FMC responded with two proposals; two versions of the aluminum T113 - a thicker and a thinner armored one - along with the similar but mostly steel T117. The thicker-armored version of the T113, effectively the prototype of the M113, was chosen because it weighed less than the steel competitor, while offering the same level of protection. An improved T113 design, the T113E1, was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1960 as the M113. A diesel prototype T113E2 was put into production in 1964 as the M113A1, and quickly supplanted the gasoline-engined M113.[7]
In 1994, FMC transferred the M113's production over to its newly formed defense subsidiary, United Defense. Then in 2005, United Defense was acquired by BAE.
The M113 was developed to provide a survivable and reliable light tracked vehicle able to be air-lifted and air-dropped, by C-130 and C-141 transport planes. The original concept was that the vehicle would be used solely for transportation, bringing the troops forward under armor and then having them dismount for combat; the M113 would then retreat to the rear. Entering service with the U.S. Army in 1960, the M113 required only two crewmen, a driver and a commander, and carried 11 passengers inside the vehicle. Its main armament was a single .50-caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun operated by the commander.
On 30 March 1962, the first batch of 32 M113s arrived in Vietnam, and were sent to two Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) mechanized rifle companies, each equipped with 15 of the APCs (M113s).[8] On 11 June 1962, the two mechanized units were fielded for the first time.[9] During the Battle of Ap Bac in January 1963, at least fourteen of the exposed .50 caliber gunners aboard the M113s were killed in action, necessitating modifications to improve crew survivability.[10] Soon, makeshift shields formed from metal salvaged from the hull(s) of sunken ships were fitted to the carriers, which afforded better protection. But, finding that this material could be penetrated by small arms fire, subsequent shields were constructed from scrapped armored vehicles.[11]
The ARVN 80th Ordnance Unit in South Vietnam developed the shield idea further and commenced engineering general issue gun shields for the M113.[12] These shields became the predecessor to the standardized Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (or ACAV) variant and were issued to all ARVN mechanized units during the early 1960s. The ARVNs had modified the M113s to function as "amphibious light tanks"[13] and not as battle taxis as US designers had intended. Instead of an armored personnel carrier, the ARVN used the carried infantry as extra "dismountable soldiers" in an "an over-sized tank crew."[13] These "ACAV" sets were eventually adapted to U.S. Army M113s with the arrival of the Army's conventional forces in 1965. The vehicles continued to operate in the role of a light tank and reconnaissance vehicle, and did not operate as designed in theatre. Still, the M113 could carry 11 infantrymen inside, with two crewmen operating the M113.
The U.S. Army, after berating the Vietnamese for flouting battle doctrine, came out with their own ACAV version. This more or less standardized ACAV kit included shields and a circular turret for the .50-caliber M2 machine gun in the Track Commander (TC) position, two M60 machine guns with shields for the left and right rear positions, and "belly armor" - steel armor bolted from the front bottom extending 1/2 to 2/3 of the way towards the bottom rear of the M113. The two rear machine gunners could fire their weapons while standing inside the rectangular open cargo hatch. This transformed the M113 into a fighting vehicle, but the vehicle still suffered from its lightly armored configuration, having never been designed for such a role.
In order to improve the fighting ability of the mounted troops, a number of experiments were carried out in the 1960s under MICV-65 project, which aimed to develop a true "infantry fighting vehicle" rather than an "armored personnel carrier". Pacific Car and Foundry entered the steel-armored XM701, but this proved to be too slow and too heavy to be airmobile, even in the C-141. FMC entered the XM734, which was largely the ACAV M113, but whereas the M113 seated the troops facing inward on benches along the walls, the XM734 sat them facing outwards on a central bench. Four gun ports and vision blocks were added on each side to allow the seated troops to fire even while under cover. Although neither the XM701 or XM734 were deemed worthwhile to produce, FMC continued development of their version as the XM765 Advanced Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV). The AIFV was sold to a number of third party-users in the 1970s, including the Netherlands, the Philippines and Belgium.
Modifications
Modified versions of the Vietnam War ACAV sets have been deployed to Iraq (formerly referred to as Southwest Asia within the US military) to equip the standard M113s still in service. The circular .50 caliber gun shields have been modified, however the rear port and starboard gun stations have been deleted for service in that region. Some of these modified vehicles have been utilized for convoy escort duties.
The M113 has relatively light armor, but it can be augmented with add-on plates steel plates for improved ballistic protection. Also, reactive armor and slat armor can be added for protection against RPGs. Windowed gunshields developed by an armorer in Iraq are reminiscent of ACAV vehicle modifications so effective in Southeast Asia (Vietnam War). Band tracks are in use by Canadian and other forces to enable stealthy operation, less vibration and rolling resistance.[14]
Most of the 13,000 M113s which are still in U.S. Army service have been upgraded to the A3 variant.
The M113 has also been adopted to replace the aging fleet of visually modified (vismod) M551s being used to simulate Russian-made combat vehicles at the U.S. Army's National Training Center in Fort Irwin, California. These M113s, like the M551s they replace, have also been modified to resemble enemy tanks and APCs, such as the T-80 and BMP-2. One of the advantages of the M113 being used to simulate the latter is that the infantry squad can now ride inside the simulated BMP instead of in a truck accompanying a tank masquerading as one, as was often the case with the M551s.
Combat history
Vietnam
The Vietnam War was the first combat opportunity for "mechanized" infantry, a technically new type of infantry with its roots in the armored infantry of World War II, now using the M113 Armored Personnel Carrier. In addition, Armored Cavalry squadrons in Vietnam consisted largely of M113s, after replacing the intended M114 in a variety of roles, and Armor battalions contained M113s within their headquarters companies, such as the maintenance section, medical section, vehicle recovery section, mortar section, and the scout (reconnaissance) section. U.S. Army mechanized infantry units in Vietnam were fully equipped with the M113 APC/ACAV, which consisted of one headquarters company and three line companies, normally with an authorized strength of approximately 900 men. Ten U.S. mechanized infantry battalions and one mechanized brigade were deployed to Vietnam from 1965 until their departure in 1972: 2/2nd Mechanized Infantry, 1/5th Mechanized Infantry, 2/8th Mechanized Infantry, 1/16th Mechanized Infantry, 2/22nd Mechanized Infantry, 4/23rd Mechanized Infantry, 2/47th Mechanized Infantry, 1/50th Mechanized Infantry, 5/60th Mechanized Infantry, 1/61st Mechanized Infantry, and the 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized)."[15]
The U.S. Army 1st Brigade, 5th (Mech) Infantry Division in Vietnam was not composed of strictly mechanized infantry battalions. The 5th (M) ID (1st Bde), consisted of: the 5/4th Field Artillery, 1/11th Light Infantry (straight leg-no armored vehicles), 1/77th Armor (M48 Patton tanks), 1/61st Mechanized Infantry, "A" Troop" 4/12th Armored Cavalry (only one Troop of Cavalry), and the 3/5th Armored Cavalry OPCON (Operationally Controlled) /Attached from the 9th Infantry Division. The one troop of the 12th Armored Cavalry and the full squadron of the 5th Armored Cavalry were M551 Sheridan and M113 ACAV equipped.
M113s were instrumental in conducting RIFs (Reconnaissance In Force), Search and Destroy missions, and large invasions (incursions) such as during the U.S. invasion of Cambodia on 1 May 1970 under President Richard Nixon, and later Laos (Operation Lam Son 719) in 1971; all of which utilized the M113 as the primary work horse for moving the ground armies. While operating with US Cavalry and Armor units, the M113s often worked in conjunction with US M48 Patton and M551 Sheridan tanks. During the Vietnam War, U.S. Army gun trucks (modified 2½-ton and 5-ton cargo trucks), along with V-100 armored cars, conducted convoy escorts for military traffic.
The USAF used M113 and M113A1 ACAV vehicles in USAF Security Police Squadrons, which provided air base ground defense support in Vietnam. M113s were supplied to the South Vietnam ARVN forces. One notable ARVN unit equipped with the M113 APC, the 3d Armored Cavalry Squadron, earned the Presidential Unit Citation. [16] [17]. M113s were also supplied to the Cambodian government army, equipped with a turret for the machine gun and a recoilless rifle mounted on the roof.
Australian forces used the M113 in Vietnam. After initial experience showed the crew commander was too vulnerable to fire, the Australians tried a number of different guns shields and turrets, eventually standardizing with the Cadillac-Cage T-50 turret fitted with two .30 cal Browning machine guns, or a single .30/single .50 combination. Other turrets were tried as were various gun shields, the main design of which was similar to the gun shield used on the U.S. M113 ACAV version.
In addition, Australians operated an M113 variant fitted with a Saladin armored car turret, with a 76 mm gun as a fire support vehicle, or FSV, for infantry fire support. This has now also been removed from service.
Subsequent to Vietnam all Australian M113 troop carriers were fitted with the T50 turret. The FSV was eventually phased out and replaced with a modernized version known as the MRV (medium reconnaissance vehicle). The MRV featured a Scorpion turret with 76 mm gun, improved fire control, and passive night vision equipment.
Law enforcement
M113s have been adopted by some law enforcement agencies. Photos show an M113 marked "Midland County Sheriff" was used in the 2008 raid of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints compound.
Recent history
Today’s M113 fleet includes a mix of M113A2 and A3 variants and other derivatives equipped with the most recent RISE (Reliability Improvements for Selected Equipment) package. The standard RISE package includes an upgraded propulsion system (turbocharged engine and new transmission), greatly improved driver controls (new power brakes and conventional steering controls), external fuel tanks, and 200-amp alternator with four batteries. Additional A3 improvements include incorporation of spall liners and provisions for mounting external armor.
The future M113A3 fleet will include a number of vehicles that will have high speed digital networks and data transfer systems. The M113A3 digitization program includes applying appliqué hardware, software, and installation kits and hosting them in the M113 FOV.
Nicknames
The M113 has received a variety of nicknames over the years. The ARVN called it the "Green Dragon";[18] the Swiss referred to it as the "Elefantenrollschuh" (elephants' roller-skate). The Germans called it the "Schweinewürfel" (pig cube) or "Keksdose" (biscuit box). U.S. troops tended to refer to the M113 simply as a "track"[19] or an ACAV. The Israeli official name for the M113 is "Bardelas" (Cheetah) but the troops call it "Zelda".[20] The Australian Army refers to its M113A1s as "Buckets",[21] and the modified M113A1 fitted with 76 mm turrets as "Beasts". In the Norwegian army it is commonly referred to as the "Vietnam Dumpster",[22]Among Danish soldiers it is often called "Dåsen" (The [tin] can), while Greek Soldiers call it "Papaki" (Scooter). The Spanish army official name is TOA (Transporte Oruga Acorazado). "Zippo", is reserved for the M132 Armored Flamethrower, which is based on the M113.
One individual began an online campaign in 1995 to have the U.S. Army assign the name "Gavin" to the M113, named after General James M. Gavin.[23] The proposal has never gained traction. The current U.S. manufacturer of the vehicle, BAE, refers to the vehicle only as the M113 on their website promoting it.[24]
Replacement
It is the U.S Army's intention that the BCT Ground Combat Vehicle Program replace the M113 by 2018 with the GCV Infantry Fighting Vehicle meanwhile displacing the other vehicles into task specific roles of the M113. Vehicles displaced into specific roles of the M113 are then to be replaced entirely by future variants of the GCV.[25][26]
Design
Armament
The basic M113 armored personnel carrier can itself be fitted with a number of weapon systems. The most common weapon fit is a single .50 caliber M2 machine gun. However, the mount can also be fitted with a 40 mm Mk 19 automatic grenade launcher. A number of anti-tank weapons could be fitted to the standard variant: the U.S. Army developed kits that allowed the M47 Dragon and BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile systems to be mounted. In the case of the M47, the system mated to the existing machine gun mount, without having to remove the machine gun. This allowed the commander to use the weapon, as well as the machine gun. A large array of turrets and fixed mounts are available to mount high explosive cannon from 20mm to 105mm to the M113 series making them function also as assault guns and fire support means; while in many cases still having room inside to carry dismounted infantry or cavalry scouts.
Armor
The 10.5-ton M113 is built of 5083 aircraft-quality aluminum alloy which gives it some of the same strength as steel at a slightly reduced weight, as the greater thickness allows structural stiffness.
Mobility
Its weight allows the use of a relatively small engine to power the vehicle, a 6V53 Detroit 2-stroke six cylinder diesel, with an Allison tx100-1 3 speed automatic transmission, and allows the vehicle to carry a large payload cross-country and to be transported by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. The M113 can swim without deploying flotation curtains, powered in the water by its tracks.
Basic variants
- M113
Original version, powered by 209 hp (156 kW) Chrysler 75M V8 petrol engine.[27]
- M113A1
Starting in 1964, the gasoline engine was replaced with a 215 hp (160 kW) diesel engine, to take advantage of the better fuel economy and reduced fire hazard of the diesel engine.[27][28] The suffix A1 was used on all variants to denote a diesel engine, i.e. an M106A1 was an M106 mortar carrier equipped with a diesel engine.
- M113A2
In 1979 further upgrades were introduced, including cooling and suspension improvements and smoke grenade launchers on the glacis plate. The suffix A2 is used on all variants to denote upgrade to A2 standard.
- M113A3
In 1987, further improvements for "enhanced (battlefield) survival" were introduced. This included a yoke for steering instead of laterals, a more powerful engine, external fuel tanks and internal spall liners for improved protection. The suffix A3 is used on all variants to denote upgrade to A3 standard.
- M113 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (ACAV) variant
The "Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle" or "ACAV", was a concept and field modification pioneered by the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN) in 1963 during the Vietnam war.[29] ARVN troops utilized the M113 armored personnel carrier as an infantry fighting vehicle, and more often than not, as a light tank[30] by fighting mounted rather than as a "battle taxi" as dictated by US Army doctrine.
This was an ironic twist of fate, because in 1920, the US Congress created a law which not only abolished the US Army's Tank Corps, but at the same time created a law which mandated that only the US Infantry could possess and operate tanks, and prohibited the US Cavalry from having them.[31] Forty-five years later, the US Army's Infantry finds itself using a "light tank" (M113) in combat in violation of official US Army doctrine, and at a time, when officially "light tanks" no longer existed within the US Army's inventory; having been replaced by main battle tanks and Sheridan Armored Reconniassance Airborne Assault Vehicles.
After it was found that the commander and cargo hatch positions were extremely exposed and the commander and troops hence vulnerable to enemy fire, the South Vietnamese engineers thought out a simple and cheap remedy to this problem: Initially field expedient shields and mounts were made from sunken ships,[32] but this was soft metal and could be penetrated by small arms fire. Finally armor plate, from scrapped armored vehicles was used; this worked well, and by the end of 1964 all ARVN ACAVs were equipped with gun shields.[33] For the US Army, ACAV sets were produced industrially in Okinawa for the .50 cal. machine gun, and rear aft and starboard M60 machinegun positions. Finally, the ARVN's ACAV modifications were adopted by the US Army in Vietnam,[34] and by 1965 the full ACAV set was mass-produced in the U.S. The kit included shields and circular turret armor for the commander's Browning M-2 .50 caliber machine gun, and two additional 7.62 mm M60 machine guns, again with shields, fitted on either side of the top cargo hatch. This kit could be retrofitted to any M113. ACAV sets were sometimes fitted to the M106 mortar carrier, but the different rear hatch found on this vehicle required the left M60 machine gun to be fitted to the extreme rear instead of the side. Many kits were added in the field, but at least in the case of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, the vehicles had their ACAV sets installed in the U.S. prior to their deployment to Vietnam in 1966 from Ft. Meade, Maryland.[35] Additional armor in the form of a mine protective kit under the hull was also frequently fitted.
Derivatives
- M58 Wolf system
A smoke screen generator vehicle.
- M106
A mortar carrier armed with an M30 mortar mounted on a turntable in the rear troop compartment. On this variant, the single hatch over the rear troop compartment was exchanged for a three-part circular hatch. The mortar could be fired from the vehicle, but could also be fired dismounted. Today, the US Army mortar carrier is the M1064A3, an M106 upgraded to A3 standard armed with an M121 120 mm mortar, a variant of the M120 mortar.
- M125
Another mortar carrier, basically an M106 armed with an M29 81 mm mortar.
- M132
Flamethrower variant equipped with a turret armed with a flamethrower and a .50cal machine gun. These vehicles are no longer used by the US Army. Vehicles upgraded to A1 standard were known as M132A1.
- M163
Anti-aircraft variant equipped with a turret armed with a variant of the 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannon.
- M48 Chaparral
Anti-aircraft variant equipped with a launcher armed with four MIM-72A/M48 Chaparral missiles.
- M548
Unarmoured cargo carrier equipped with a rear cargo bed.
- M577
Command variant, the roof over the rear troop compartment is higher. The vehicle also carries additional radios and a generator. A variant of this is the M1068 Standard Integrated Command Post System Carrier, equipped with the newest US Army automated command and control system.
- M579
A fitter and repair vehicle equipped with a crane. This vehicle was not taken into US Army service.
- M806
Repair and recovery vehicle equipped with an internal winch and two earth anchors mounted on the rear hull.
- M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle)
Equipped with a launcher armed with two TOW missiles.
- M113 "MBT" (NTC)
A variant of the M113 fitted with a modified Bradley turret as part of a VISmod package specifically for training. This version also features MILES gear, a MGSS/TWGSS system, and fake ERA around the turret.
- Others
A huge number of M113 variants have been created, ranging from infantry carriers to nuclear missile carriers. The M113 has become one of the most prolific armored vehicles of the second half of the 20th century, and continues to serve with armies around the world into the 21st century. Not without its faults, the otherwise versatile chassis of the M113 has been used to create almost every type of vehicle imaginable. Few vehicles ever created can claim the application to such a wide range of roles.
In 1994, a stretched version of the M113 was presented by its manufacturer, also known as "mobile tactical vehicle light" (MTVL). Its hull is lengthened by 34 inches and equipped with an additional road wheel (six on each side) to sustain the added dry weight and payload. The vehicle was developed as a "production-tooled demonstrator" with private-industry funding from United Defense. Although the US Army did not buy it, it was acquired by other nations, and is copied today by Pakistan, Turkey and Egypt in their local M113-producing plants. Some nations, like Canada[36] or Australia, also stretched existing M113-hulls.[37]
- M113 Clones
Pakistan produces an armoured personnel carrier known as Talha which has a number of mechanical and automotive parts in common with the M113. Turkey produces the ACV-300 based on the AIFV.
Operators
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An ARVN M113 during the Vietnam War.
A column of M-113 armored personnel carriers and other military vehicles of the Royal Saudi Land Force
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See also
- MICV-65 - a failed project to introduce an improved APC
- AIFV - FMC's "Product Improved M113A1" from MICV-65, which saw sales to NATO countries and production under license by FNSS for the Turkish Army
- FV432 - a contemporary British vehicle
- Pbv 302 - Swedish APC
- Boxer MRAV - Germany's replacement for the M113
- G-numbers (SNL G294)
- List of U.S. military vehicles by model number
Notes
- ↑ "BAE Systems M113 Vehicles History". United Defense. http://www.uniteddefense.com/www.m113.com/m113_history.html. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- ↑ Starry p. 21
- ↑ Starry p. 73/Dunstan p. 107.
- ↑ "M113A3 FAMILY OF VEHICLES", BAE Systems
- ↑ The 10 Greatest Infantry Fighting Vehicles in Military History. The Military Channel. Web page: Top Ten Infantry Fighting Vehicles. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ↑ Simon Dunstan, The M113 Series, page 5, Osprey Publishing, London, 1983
- ↑ Tunbridge, 1978. p. 4
- ↑ Dunstan p. 36
- ↑ Dunstan p. 37
- ↑ Dunstan p. 48
- ↑ Dunstan p. 52
- ↑ Dunstan p. 52
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Zumbro, 1998. p. 470
- ↑ "Band-Track website from the M113's manufacturer, BAE". http://www.defensespareparts.com/images/Leso%20Web%20Site/bandtrack.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
- ↑ Starry p. 227-237
- ↑ "Photo: U.S. advisor confers with ARVN 3rd Cav commander in front of a South Vietnamese M113". http://www.landscaper.net/namstory.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ↑ "3d Armored Cavalry Squadron (ARVN) earned Presidential Unit Citation (United States) for extraordinary heroism". http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/go7124.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ↑ "M113 Armored Personnel Carrier". GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m113.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ↑ Dunstan/Vietnam Tracks/p. 92 footnote
- ↑ Foss 1987, pp. 442–443.
- ↑ Modeling the M113
- ↑ Nolan, Keith (2010). Search and Destroy: the Story of an Armored Cavalry Squadron in Vietnam. Zenith Press. ISBN 9780760333129.
- ↑ Sparks, Mike (January-February 1995). "M113s Maximize Mechanized Infantry Mobility and Firepower in Contingency Ops". Armor magazine. US Army. http://www.knox.army.mil/center/ocoa/armormag/backissues/1990s/1995/jf95/1sparks95.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-10. The start of the "Gavin" proposal.
- ↑ "Manufacturer's website for the M113". http://www.baesystems.com/ProductsServices/l_and_a_gs_m113.html. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
- ↑ "11 by 17.fm" (PDF). http://www.bctmod.army.mil/GCV_focus/GCV%20Narrative.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
- ↑ "U.S. Army Details Ground Combat Vehicle Plans". Defense News. 2009-09-10. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4271063&c=AME&s=LAN. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Foss 1987, p. 444.
- ↑ Foss 1987, p. 436.
- ↑ Starry p. 38, 40, 73
- ↑ Starry p. 42
- ↑ Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 3
- ↑ Starry p. 38
- ↑ Starry p. 40
- ↑ Starry p. 73
- ↑ Starry p. 73
- ↑ John Pike. "M113A3+/M113A4 Mobile Tactical Vehicle Light (MTVL)". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m113a4.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
- ↑ http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_aus_pdf_land_m113as.pdf
- ↑ DEFENCE BALANCE IN WESTERN BALKANS Research Institute for European and American Studies
- ↑ "Equipment - Canadian Army - M113A3". Department of National Defence. http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=58.
- ↑ kmweg.de: Neue DINGO-Variante für die Bundeswehr (German) - Published 17 November 2005, Checked 23 May 2007
- ↑ bundeswehr.de: Neue Waffensysteme (German) - Checked 23 May 2007
- ↑ Index of military equipment Lebanese Army of Lebanon Index des équipements militaires armée libanaise du Liban
- ↑ http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1275907923.pdf
- ↑ List of armaments of the Polish Army as of June 2005
- ↑ ROC Army Equipment
- ↑ "Vice chief outlines need for new ground combat vehicle". Army.mil. 2009-09-16. http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/09/16/27394-vice-chief-outlines-need-for-new-ground-combat-vehicle/. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
References
- Dunstan, Simon. The M113 Series London, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1983. ISBN 0-85045-495-6.
- Dunstan, Simon. Vietnam Tracks-Armor In Battle 1945–1975. (1982 edition Osprey Books); ISBN 0-89141-171-2.
- Foss, Christopher F. Jane's Armour and Artillery 1987–88. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1987. ISBN 0 7106-0849-7.
- Nolan, Keith W. Into Laos: Dewey Canyon II/Lam Son 719. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1986. ISBN 0-89141-247-6.
- Starry, Donn A., General. "Mounted Combat In Vietnam" Vietnam Studies; Department of the Army. First printed 1978-CMH Pub 90-17.
- Tunbridge, Stephen. M113 in Action. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc, 1978. ISBN 0-89747-050-8.
- Zaloga, Steven. Armored Thunderbolt, The US Army Sherman in World War II. 2008, Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0424-3.
- Zumbro, Ralph. The Iron Cavalry. 1998, New York, New York, Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-01390-4
External links
- Army Fact File for M113
- United Defence
- FAS.org
- Gary's Combat Vehicle Reference Guide
- NASA Kennedy Space Center site
- M113 performance vs. RPG-7
- M113 at Israeli Weapons
- Canadian Forces Official Website
- M113 ACAV Operations with 11th ACR in Vietnam
- Dutch Cavalry Museum has an M113 C&V (M113 ACAV) in its exposition.
- Australian DoD M113 Upgrade Project
- M113 in the danish army
- M113 G3 DK in the Danish army
- M113 G3 Waran in the Danish army
- "M113 APC: four decades of service and still showing potential", Infantry Magazine, July–August, 2004, by Stanley C. Crist.
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